Infections: Some viral and bacterial infections, such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus (HTLV-1), and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, have been associated with an increased risk of NHL.Autoimmune diseases: Certain autoimmune diseases, like rheumatoid arthritis and Sjögren's syndrome, may raise the risk of NHL.Chemical exposures: Exposure to certain chemicals, such as pesticides, herbicides, and solvents, may increase the risk of NHL.Family history: Having a first-degree relative (parent, sibling, or child) with NHL may slightly increase the risk.
It's important to note that while these risk factors may increase the likelihood of developing NHL, many people with NHL have no identifiable risk factors.
Regarding treatments for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, the choice of therapy depends on several factors, including the type, stage, and location of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health and preferences. Some common treatment options include:
- Chemotherapy: This involves the use of drugs to kill or stop the growth of cancer cells. It is often used as the first-line treatment for many types and stages of NHL.
- Immunotherapy: This type of treatment helps the body's immune system identify and attack cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies and immune checkpoint inhibitors are examples of immunotherapies used in NHL treatment.
- Radiation therapy: It uses high-energy rays to target and destroy cancer cells. It is typically used in localized lymphomas or as palliative therapy to relieve symptoms.
- Stem cell transplant: Also known as a bone marrow transplant, this procedure involves replacing diseased bone marrow with healthy stem cells to help the body produce healthy blood cells.
- Targeted therapy: These drugs specifically target cancer cells or their supporting structures, minimizing damage to normal cells.
- Watchful waiting: In certain cases of slow-growing NHL, medical professionals may recommend close monitoring rather than immediate treatment.
Treatment plans are often tailored to the individual patient and may involve a combination of different therapies. The medical team will work closely with the patient to determine the best approach for their specific situation. Early diagnosis and treatment can significantly improve the prognosis for individuals with NHL.