Cultural norms can vary significantly from country to country, and that includes the way people interact with strangers. In Germany, it is true that the cultural approach to smiling at strangers may be different compared to some other countries, like the United States, where smiling at strangers is more common and seen as a friendly gesture.
In general, Germans may not smile at strangers as readily as people in other cultures, and this is influenced by several factors:
Respect for personal space: Germans, like many other Northern European cultures, tend to value their personal space and privacy. Smiling at a stranger might be perceived as too intrusive or overly familiar.
Formality: Germans typically prefer to maintain a certain level of formality when interacting with strangers or acquaintances, especially in public spaces. A smile might be seen as too casual or even insincere.
Non-verbal communication: Germans may rely more on non-verbal cues and body language to express themselves, rather than using a smile as a default gesture.
Cultural history: Historical and cultural factors have shaped social norms, and Germany has a diverse and complex history that has influenced its contemporary cultural practices.
As for how a stranger can tell if someone has smiled at them without eye contact, it might be more challenging, but not impossible. Other non-verbal cues like facial expressions, body posture, or even a slight nod of the head can indicate friendliness or acknowledgment. However, these cues might be more subtle and not as explicit as a direct smile.
It's important to remember that cultural norms are not absolute, and there will always be individuals who deviate from the general patterns. Also, as societies evolve and become more diverse, cultural norms may adapt and change over time. So, while smiling at strangers might not be as common in Germany, it doesn't mean that Germans are unfriendly. If you find yourself in Germany or any other country, it's always a good idea to be observant of local customs and adapt your behavior accordingly.