The term "alcoholic" is often used colloquially to describe someone who has a serious problem with alcohol consumption or who is dependent on alcohol. However, in the medical and psychological context, the diagnosis of alcoholism is more accurately referred to as "alcohol use disorder" (AUD). AUD is a medical condition characterized by an inability to control alcohol use despite its negative effects on various aspects of a person's life.
The diagnosis of AUD is typically based on criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), published by the American Psychiatric Association. The DSM-5 identifies 11 criteria for AUD, and individuals meeting two or more of these criteria within a 12-month period may be diagnosed with mild, moderate, or severe alcohol use disorder.
The 11 criteria for AUD include:
- Alcohol is often taken in larger amounts or over a longer period than intended.
- There is a persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control alcohol use.
- A great deal of time is spent in activities necessary to obtain alcohol, use alcohol, or recover from its effects.
- Craving or a strong desire or urge to use alcohol.
- Recurrent alcohol use resulting in a failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home.
- Continued alcohol use despite having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by the effects of alcohol.
- Important social, occupational, or recreational activities are given up or reduced because of alcohol use.
- Recurrent alcohol use in situations where it is physically hazardous.
- Alcohol use is continued despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problem that is likely to have been caused or exacerbated by alcohol.
- Tolerance, as defined by either a need for markedly increased amounts of alcohol to achieve intoxication or desired effect or a markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of alcohol.
- Withdrawal, as manifested by either the characteristic withdrawal syndrome for alcohol or drinking to relieve or avoid withdrawal symptoms.
It's important to note that not everyone who drinks heavily or experiences negative consequences from alcohol use will meet the criteria for AUD. However, even if someone doesn't meet the criteria for AUD, heavy or problematic alcohol use can still have adverse effects on their health and well-being.
If you or someone you know is struggling with alcohol use or believes they may have an alcohol use disorder, it is crucial to seek help from a healthcare professional or a support group to address the issue and explore appropriate treatment options. Early intervention can significantly improve the outcome and quality of life.