The human voice is classified into different voice types based on its range, timbre, and vocal characteristics. The classification system used to categorize voices is called the vocal fach system. This system is primarily used in classical music, particularly in opera and choral music, to determine which vocal parts are suitable for different singers. The main voice classifications are as follows:
Soprano: The highest female voice type. Sopranos typically have a bright and light quality to their voice, and they can sing in the higher register with ease. There are different subcategories of sopranos, such as coloratura sopranos (with agile and florid vocal abilities) and lyric sopranos (with a warm and expressive tone).
Mezzo-Soprano: The middle female voice type. Mezzo-sopranos have a slightly lower range than sopranos and often have a richer and darker timbre. They can sing both high and low notes comfortably. Like sopranos, mezzo-sopranos have different subcategories, such as dramatic mezzo-sopranos (with a more powerful and intense voice) and lyric mezzo-sopranos (with a lighter and more lyrical voice).
Contralto: The lowest female voice type. Contraltos have a deep and resonant voice with a rich and dark timbre. They have a lower vocal range than sopranos and mezzo-sopranos.
Tenor: The highest male voice type. Tenors usually have a bright and clear tone, and they can sing in the higher register with agility. They have a higher vocal range than other male voice types. Different subcategories of tenors include countertenors (males with a natural alto or mezzo-soprano range) and heldentenors (with a powerful and heroic sound, often found in Wagnerian operas).
Baritone: The middle male voice type. Baritones have a warm and full voice, with a range between tenors and basses. They can sing both high and low notes comfortably. Baritones can be further classified as lyric baritones (with a lighter and more agile voice) or dramatic baritones (with a more powerful and robust voice).
Bass: The lowest male voice type. Basses have a deep and resonant voice with a strong and powerful timbre. They have a lower vocal range than baritones and tenors. Different subcategories of basses include bass-baritones (with a range between baritone and bass) and basso profundos (with an exceptionally low vocal range).
It's important to note that not every voice fits neatly into one of these categories, and some singers may have unique qualities or a range that bridges two voice types. Vocal classification is a useful tool for casting and repertoire selection, but it doesn't define a singer's artistic abilities or potential. Voice teachers and vocal coaches often play a crucial role in helping singers understand and develop their voices, regardless of their classification.