The concept of dogs feeling guilt as humans do is a topic of debate among animal behaviorists and researchers. While dogs do exhibit behaviors that might appear as guilt, it's essential to understand that they don't experience guilt in the same way humans do. Instead, their reactions are based on associative learning and their response to your body language and tone of voice.
When a dog has done something wrong, such as chewing on furniture or having an accident indoors, their response to your reaction might involve showing submissive body language like cowering, avoiding eye contact, or tucking their tail between their legs. These behaviors can give the appearance of guilt, but it's more likely a reaction to your emotions rather than an understanding of their wrongdoing.
As for how long dogs remember their actions, it varies depending on the individual dog and the specific situation. Dogs have relatively short-term memory compared to humans, but they can remember certain events or associations for a significant period.
If a dog is reprimanded for something they did wrong, they might remember the connection between the action and the negative consequences for a short while. However, they are more likely to remember positive associations, such as receiving treats or praise for good behavior.
In any case, punishment should be avoided as a means of correcting a dog's behavior. Positive reinforcement and consistent training are more effective and humane ways to encourage desired behavior in dogs. Remember, they rely on consistent signals and cues from their environment to understand what is expected of them. Be patient and use positive reinforcement techniques to reinforce good behavior.