Dissociation, including depersonalization and derealization, involves complex changes in brain activity and neural processing. While the exact mechanisms are not fully understood, research and studies have provided insights into the brain regions and processes involved in these dissociative experiences. Here are some key aspects of what happens in the brain during depersonalization and derealization:
Altered Connectivity in Brain Networks: Functional neuroimaging studies, such as fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging), have shown that individuals experiencing depersonalization and derealization exhibit altered connectivity patterns in certain brain networks. One of the networks often implicated is the default mode network (DMN), which is involved in self-referential processing and mind-wandering. Altered connectivity within the DMN may contribute to the feeling of detachment from oneself (depersonalization) and the sense of unreality about the environment (derealization).
Disrupted Multisensory Integration: Depersonalization and derealization may involve disruptions in the integration of sensory information from different modalities, such as vision, hearing, and touch. The brain regions responsible for integrating multisensory input may not function optimally, leading to a distorted perception of reality and one's own body.
Involvement of Limbic System: The limbic system, particularly the amygdala and hippocampus, plays a crucial role in processing emotions and memory. In dissociative states, the activity in these regions may be altered, leading to blunted emotional responses and difficulties in forming coherent memories of the dissociative episodes.
Trauma and Emotional Regulation: For some individuals, dissociation, including depersonalization and derealization, may be a coping mechanism triggered by trauma or overwhelming emotional experiences. The brain's response to stress and trauma, involving regions like the amygdala and prefrontal cortex, may contribute to dissociative experiences as a way to protect oneself from distressing emotions.
Neurotransmitter Imbalances: Changes in the levels of neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and dopamine, have been associated with dissociative experiences. These neurotransmitters play a role in mood regulation and cognitive processing, and imbalances may contribute to the altered states of consciousness observed in dissociation.
It's important to note that dissociation is a complex phenomenon, and its neurobiological basis may vary depending on individual differences and underlying causes. Research in this area is ongoing, and further studies are needed to gain a comprehensive understanding of the neural mechanisms behind dissociation.
If you or someone you know is experiencing persistent or distressing dissociative symptoms, it's essential to seek professional help from a mental health provider experienced in dealing with dissociative disorders and related conditions. They can provide appropriate assessment, support, and treatment.