the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) classified bipolar disorders into two main types: Bipolar I and Bipolar II. There is no Bipolar III or IV in the DSM-5. However, there are subtypes and other related conditions that some sources may refer to with different numbering systems. Let's explore the symptoms of Bipolar I and Bipolar II:
- Bipolar I Disorder: Bipolar I is characterized by the occurrence of at least one manic episode, which can be preceded or followed by a major depressive episode or hypomanic episode. The key features are:
Manic Episode: A manic episode involves a distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood. During this period (lasting at least one week or requiring hospitalization), the individual may experience at least three of the following symptoms (four if the mood is irritable): a. Grandiosity or inflated self-esteem b. Decreased need for sleep c. Increased talkativeness or pressured speech d. Racing thoughts or flight of ideas e. Distractibility f. Increase in goal-directed activity or psychomotor agitation g. Excessive involvement in pleasurable activities with a high risk for negative consequences (e.g., reckless spending, promiscuity)
Major Depressive Episode: A major depressive episode involves feelings of sadness, loss of interest or pleasure, changes in sleep or appetite, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, and other symptoms that persist for at least two weeks.
- Bipolar II Disorder: Bipolar II is characterized by recurrent episodes of major depression and hypomania. The main features are:
Hypomanic Episode: A hypomanic episode is similar to a manic episode but is less severe and typically does not lead to significant impairment or hospitalization. It lasts for at least four consecutive days and includes similar symptoms as a manic episode.
Major Depressive Episode: Same as described in Bipolar I, involving feelings of sadness, loss of interest, changes in sleep or appetite, and other symptoms.
It's important to note that other variations, such as cyclothymic disorder (characterized by numerous periods of hypomanic and depressive symptoms that do not meet the criteria for a full manic or major depressive episode) or other specified and unspecified bipolar and related disorders, may be considered depending on individual presentations.
Please consult a mental health professional for a proper diagnosis and evaluation of symptoms, as only they can make an accurate diagnosis and provide appropriate treatment. Also, be aware that the field of mental health is continuously evolving, so newer diagnostic criteria may emerge in the future.