The maximum distance a human can go underwater without scuba equipment depends on several factors, including the individual's physical condition, experience in breath-holding, and water conditions. Most untrained individuals can hold their breath for around 30 seconds to 1 minute underwater before needing to surface for air.
With proper training, experienced free divers (individuals who specialize in breath-holding and diving without scuba equipment) can hold their breath for much longer and reach impressive depths. The world record for static apnea (breath-holding while floating face-down in a pool) is over 11 minutes, and for dynamic apnea (underwater swimming without fins), it's more than 300 meters (about 984 feet).
However, it's essential to highlight that diving deep without proper equipment and training can be extremely dangerous. As a person descends underwater, the water pressure increases significantly, which can cause various medical issues, including lung injuries, barotrauma, and even blackouts due to oxygen deprivation. These risks make it critical to have the right training, techniques, and safety protocols in place when attempting free diving or any underwater activity without scuba equipment.
For recreational purposes, it's generally recommended to avoid diving too deep without proper equipment and safety training. If you're interested in free diving, seek instruction from qualified instructors to learn breath-holding techniques, safety procedures, and how to gradually increase your breath-holding capabilities in a controlled environment. Always prioritize safety and never push yourself beyond your limits while underwater.