The assumption that animals automatically know how to "properly" behave and that humans need religious texts like the Torah to determine right from wrong oversimplifies the complexity of moral development in both animals and humans. Let's explore this in more detail:
Animal Behavior: Animals do not have a sense of moral or ethical standards in the same way that humans do. They have instinctive behaviors and social structures that have evolved through natural selection to enhance their survival and reproduction. Animals may exhibit behaviors that appear to be "proper" within their species' context, but this is primarily driven by instincts and learned behaviors that increase their chances of survival and reproduction. It is not based on a sense of right or wrong as humans understand it.
Human Morality: Human morality is much more complex and multifaceted than animal behavior. While we share some basic moral instincts with animals, such as empathy and social cooperation, human morality has been shaped by a combination of biological, cultural, and societal factors. It has evolved over thousands of years through philosophical and ethical discussions, religious teachings, legal systems, and societal norms.
Role of Religious Texts: Religious texts like the Torah, the Bible, the Quran, and others have historically played a significant role in shaping moral frameworks and guiding ethical behavior for many religious communities. These texts provide moral codes, guidelines, and narratives that believers often use as a foundation for their understanding of right and wrong.
Secular Ethics: It is important to note that not all humans rely solely on religious texts to understand morality. Secular ethics, based on philosophical principles and human reason, also offer moral frameworks and ethical guidelines for those who don't adhere to religious beliefs.
Moral Development: Human moral development is a complex process that involves a combination of innate factors and social learning. Children start developing a sense of morality at a young age through interactions with caregivers and society. They learn what is considered right and wrong in their cultural context.
In summary, while animals have instinctive behaviors that aid their survival, human morality is a more intricate and multifaceted concept. It is shaped by a combination of biological, cultural, and societal influences. Religious texts like the Torah have historically been a source of moral guidance for some communities, but there are also secular ethical frameworks that people follow to determine right and wrong. The development of human morality is a fascinating and ongoing area of research and discussion in fields like psychology, sociology, and philosophy.