The moral challenge you are referring to is known as "The Ring of Gyges" or the "Gyges' Ring" and is associated with the ancient Greek philosopher Plato. It appears in Plato's work "The Republic," specifically in Book II (359a-360d), where Plato explores the nature of justice through a dialogue between Socrates and Glaucon.
The story of Gyges' Ring goes as follows: Gyges was a shepherd who found a magical ring that granted him the power of invisibility. With this newfound ability, Gyges could act without fear of being caught or held accountable for his actions. He could do anything he desired without facing any consequences. Upon discovering the ring's power, Gyges used it to become a powerful and unjust ruler, committing various immoral acts.
Socrates and Glaucon use this story to discuss the nature of justice and morality. The moral challenge presented by the Ring of Gyges is that if someone had the power of invisibility or the certainty that they would never be caught or judged for their actions, would they still act morally and justly? Or would they give in to their base desires and act unjustly?
The story of Gyges' Ring raises questions about the role of consequences and accountability in shaping our moral behavior. It challenges individuals to consider whether they act ethically because they genuinely believe in doing what is right or merely because they fear punishment or desire rewards.
This thought experiment continues to be a relevant and significant topic in ethics and moral philosophy and encourages individuals to reflect on the principles that guide their behavior and decision-making processes.