Corticosteroids, also known simply as steroids, are a class of hormones that are naturally produced in the adrenal glands, which are located above the kidneys. They play a crucial role in regulating various physiological processes in the body. There are two main types of corticosteroids: glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.
Glucocorticoids: These are the most commonly known and used corticosteroids. They regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in the body and have potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. Some examples of synthetic glucocorticoids include prednisone, prednisolone, dexamethasone, and hydrocortisone. Glucocorticoids are widely used to treat various inflammatory conditions, allergic reactions, autoimmune disorders, and some types of cancer.
Mineralocorticoids: These corticosteroids primarily regulate the balance of water and electrolytes in the body, particularly sodium and potassium. Aldosterone is the main mineralocorticoid responsible for maintaining blood pressure and electrolyte balance. Synthetic mineralocorticoids like fludrocortisone are sometimes prescribed to manage conditions like Addison's disease, where the adrenal glands do not produce enough natural hormones.
In addition to their endogenous (naturally occurring) production, synthetic corticosteroids are manufactured for therapeutic use. These synthetic forms are more potent and have longer-lasting effects than the body's natural corticosteroids. However, their use should be carefully monitored and prescribed by healthcare professionals, as prolonged and excessive use of corticosteroids can lead to various side effects, such as increased susceptibility to infections, osteoporosis, weight gain, and mood changes.