Mood swings during the menstrual cycle primarily occur due to hormonal fluctuations that take place as part of a woman's regular reproductive cycle. The menstrual cycle is controlled by a delicate interplay of hormones, and their levels change at different stages of the cycle. The two main hormones involved are estrogen and progesterone.
Follicular phase: The menstrual cycle begins with the follicular phase, during which the follicles in the ovaries develop and mature. Estrogen levels start to rise during this phase, and this increase can contribute to feelings of happiness, energy, and improved mood.
Ovulation: Midway through the menstrual cycle, usually around day 14 in a 28-day cycle, ovulation occurs when the mature egg is released from the ovary. Estrogen levels continue to rise, reaching their peak just before ovulation. This surge in estrogen may lead to increased emotional sensitivity and heightened emotions.
Luteal phase: After ovulation, the body enters the luteal phase. During this period, the ruptured follicle transforms into the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone. Progesterone levels rise, and estrogen levels start to decline. This hormonal shift can cause mood changes, irritability, and even anxiety or sadness in some women. This phase is when premenstrual syndrome (PMS) can occur.
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS): PMS encompasses a range of physical and emotional symptoms that some women experience in the days leading up to menstruation. Mood swings are one of the common emotional symptoms. The exact cause of PMS is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to hormonal changes and their impact on neurotransmitters (chemical messengers in the brain).
Menstruation: If the egg is not fertilized, hormone levels drop, leading to the shedding of the uterine lining and the start of menstruation. The sudden decline in estrogen and progesterone can also affect mood, contributing to feelings of fatigue, sadness, or irritability.
It's important to note that while many women experience mild mood changes during their menstrual cycle, some may have more severe symptoms that could be indicative of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD). PMDD is a more severe form of PMS, characterized by intense emotional and physical symptoms. If mood swings during the menstrual cycle significantly affect daily life and well-being, it's essential to seek medical advice to explore potential treatment options.